Written by Heidi Hall
Alpacas aren鈥檛 the typical animals that drivers spot as they wind their way through rural Tennessee, but there鈥檚 a happy herd of them outside Waverly, where they eat the finest pellets, walk up and down a scenic hill and potentially save lives.
They鈥檙e owned by a team of Vanderbilt University researchers looking to harness their power to create unique antibodies usable to study human disease and potentially treat human patients. The team isolates fragments of these alpaca antibodies聽that can be used to visualize and potentially regulate the PPP2R5D enzyme, which has been linked to autism, Alzheimer鈥檚 disease and some cancers.
But on a visit to the farm on this unusually cool, spring day, Kim Wilson was more interested in what the alpacas could do for her son, Asa, 11, who was diagnosed with Jordan鈥檚 Syndrome 鈥� a rare genetic disorder caused by alterations in the PPP2R5D gene. The family had traveled from Mercer, Tennessee, to meet both the alpacas and scientists trying to find answers.
鈥淚 love watching them herd together, like a little family,鈥� she said, petting an alpaca as she fed it by hand. Asa stood off to the side, more impressed by a toy airplane than the sometimes skittish pets. 鈥淚 never thought they could help Asa in a way that could mean so much to my family. I鈥檓 just thankful for the scientists who know where to look for these things.鈥�
Fewer than 100 children have been diagnosed with Jordan鈥檚 Syndrome 鈥� although advocates believe thousands more have been misdiagnosed with autism 鈥� marked by a series of developmental delays pegged to a single mutation in their PPP2R5D DNA. Wilson, who has older children, said her son exhibited signs almost immediately, although it took years for a diagnosis. He had no muscle tone and didn鈥檛 curl up like other babies, didn鈥檛 take his first steps until age 5 and still doesn鈥檛 speak in sentences.
He sees doctors at Monroe Carell Jr.聽Children’s Hospital聽at聽Vanderbilt, and that鈥檚 where Wilson learned about the alpaca research team.
and , both associate professors of pharmacology, and , the Ruth King Scoville Chair in Medicine, came together through their shared fascination with alpacas鈥� potential to improve human health. They launched Turkey Creek Biotechnology as a platform to research that potential, purchased the herd and partnered with Litton Farms in Waverly to care for the animals.
A new drug to treat a blood disorder called acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was developed using alpaca antibodies and gained FDA approval earlier this year. Wadzinski and his team know the possibilities go much further.
鈥淎lpacas have an exceptionally unique immune system,鈥� Wadzinski said. 鈥淭heir antibodies can be used for research, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and, because of the unique features of these antibodies, we鈥檙e able to harvest them. They鈥檙e acid stable, heat stable and there鈥檚 good evidence they pass the blood-brain barrier.鈥�
Many alpaca antibodies consist of only two heavy protein chains 鈥� compared to the two heavy and two light chains in human antibodies 鈥� which makes them easier to extract from peripheral blood cells instead of the spleen. Breyer, whose lab spent decades making antibodies in animal blood, said he was fascinated with the initial discovery 30 years ago of alpaca blood鈥檚 potential and particularly with the promise held in the Turkey Creek alpacas.
鈥淚t takes only a small, quick sample from them to do our work,鈥� Breyer said.
For now, much of the group鈥檚 efforts are tied directly to Jordan鈥檚 Syndrome because Wadzinski鈥檚 research drew the attention of others across the nation and world who are working on the problem. They initially thought his work studying fruit fly models of the disease could help, but Wadzinski convinced them a larger animal held more answers.
鈥淚 was working on an enzyme known as PP2A, and it turns out that it鈥檚 an important signaling molecule,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 convinced them the work I could do in alpacas would be more applicable in terms of what they needed: a better understanding of how PP2A and its subunit, PPP2R5D, function.
鈥漈here are probably 80 patients that have been diagnosed in the world to date, and there are many researchers supported by who are working together, trying to find out more about what this variation does in terms of the protein and hopefully laying the foundation for one day treating that syndrome.鈥�
Although they may be months or years from a breakthrough, the team regularly visits the alpacas 鈥� sometimes for blood samples, sometimes for fun, sometimes even just to shear them for fur that can be used to knit soft hats for cancer patients who lost their hair during chemotherapy treatments.
All the while, they know they鈥檙e developing something that could bring far greater comfort to those sick patients and many others.