Overweight women are more likely to work in lower-paying and more physically demanding jobs; less likely to get higher-wage positions that include interaction with the public; and make less money in either case compared to average size women and all men, according to a new Vanderbilt study.
鈥淸rquote]Starting when a woman becomes overweight, she is increasingly less likely to work in a personal interaction or personal communication occupation.[/rquote] And the heaviest women in the labor market are the least likely individuals to work in personal interaction occupations,鈥� says , assistant professor of law at and author of “.”
More weight = More physical jobs
But the reverse is true for overweight and obese women when it comes to physically strenuous jobs.
鈥淎s a woman becomes heavier she is actually more likely to work in a physical activity occupation. So morbidly obese women are the most likely to work in a physically demanding occupation,鈥� says Shinall.
Shinall labels personal interaction jobs as those where the employee works closely with the customer, such as a salesperson, customer service representative or receptionist. Physically demanding positions are healthcare support (nurse鈥檚 aides or home health aides), healthcare practitioners (such as registered nurses), food preparation and childcare.
Female wage penalty
Shinall found that obese women are penalized in the labor market because of lower demand in the marketplace, but heavier men do not encounter the same penalty.
鈥淸lquote]No matter what the type of occupation, obese men seem to do just as well as average-size men.[/lquote] They make just as much as non-obese men and make just as much money in both personal interaction occupations and physical occupations. But we see the opposite pattern for women,鈥� says Shinall.
Obese wage penalty
For the heavier women who get a job interacting with customers, there is still a price to pay.
鈥淎 morbidly obese woman working in an occupation with an emphasis on personal interaction will earn almost 5 percent less than a normal-weight woman working in an occupation with exactly the same emphasis,鈥� Shinall says. Even after taking differences in education and socioeconomic status into account, there seems to be no scenario where being overweight becomes an advantage for a woman.
Legal impact
From a legal perspective, there has been a lot of discussion on whether an obese individual is considered disabled in regards to the .
Shinall suggests that when it comes to discrimination lawsuits, the ADA may not be the correct avenue since obese women are actually filling strenuous physical labor jobs.
鈥淸rquote]What seems to be going on in the labor market may be more of a sex discrimination issue that could be tied to Title VII.鈥漑/rquote]
prohibits sex discrimination in employment.
Shinall, whose paper is under review for publication, used matched data from the , (ATUS EHM) and the (O*NET) for her research.
Shinall teaches Employment Discrimination Law, Labor Markets and Human Resources, and the Ph.D. Workshop for the at Vanderbilt Law School.